Study on Heavy Metals in Water, Sediment, Plant and Food Stuff Around the Island Bhola of Bangladesh

Abstract

The present study was carried out on “Study on Heavy Metals in Water, Sediment, Plant and Food Stuff Around the Island Bhola of Bangladesh” attempts to extract information about Heavy Metal Pollution in water, sediment, soil and to assess the risk to public health occurred from consumption of heavy metal contaminated foodstuff like fish. Bhola in southern Bangladesh represents the world’s most dynamic estuary is potentially vulnerable to accelerated sea level rise and associated calamities.The vulnerability assessment pertaining to Bangladesh coast, were done only on regional scale using parameter like sea level change or shoreline change (Sarwar 2013) that includes Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna (GBM) delta in Bangladesh rather than targeting a small island like Bhola. For Water Evaluation of surface water quality to ascertain its utility gain extra concern in the present-day life. This study was carried out to reveal the various factors responsible for deterioration of water quality using multivariate indices (principal component analysis, Pearson correlation and cluster analysis), water quality index (WQI) and the spatial distribution maps were drawn to observe the spatial extent of WQI using IDW technique in thelargest offshore island of Bangladesh in Bhola district.A total of 14 surface water samples are analyzed for the rainy seasons to assess the possible consumptive human health risk among the adults and children of the study area. It is found that most of the studied hydrochemical parameters (pH, EC, Cl-, NO3 - , SO4 2-, As, Mn, Fe, Zn, Pb, Cd, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+ etc.) limits compared by BDWS, Indian standard and WHO which maximum parameters were permissible limit except Mn and Fe.Results of WQI indicate majority of samples falls in poor to unfit range in rainy seasons. PCA and CA identifies that the surface water chemistry are influenced by natural as well as minor anthropogenic activities. Aftertreatment, the water can be used for drinking purpose. Thus, the affirmative solution will be proper surface water development and management practices through artificial recharge to maintain both quality and quantity. For Sediment Assessment of heavy metals in coastal region sediments from Tentulia river of the district Bhola, Bangladesh was carried out using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) technique with the computation of different pollution indices. The mean order of metal concentration is Ca>Mg>K>Fe>Mn>Zn>Cr>Ni>Cu>Pb>As>Cd in the study area. The pollution indices such as Contamination factor (CF), Pollution load index (PLI), Contamination degree (Cd), modified degree of contamination (mCd), Potential contamination index (Cp) and potential ecological risk index (RI) were used for the metal enrichment and contamination status. The CF and PLI value of the present work indicating that the sediments are not polluted by heavy metals. The calculated Contamination degree (Cd), modified degree of contamination (mCd), Potential contamination index (Cp) and potential ecological risk index (RI) of the studied metals indicated that the study area does not posed high risk to local environments.

For Soil In recent years, heavy metal contamination in soils calls for significant concerns due to the rapid urbanization and industrialization. The present research was conducted to assess the ecological and health risk of heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Cu, As, Cd and Pb) from coastal region soils in the district of Bhola, Bangladesh. Heavy metals were investigated utilizing Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) technique. The mean concentrations of Cr, Ni, Cu, As, Cd and Pb in different soil sampling sites were found 238.6, 268.62, 221.76, 19.68, 116.21 and 3208.42 mg/kg respectively. The mean concentration of maximum studied heavy metals were found underneath as far as possible set by the Dutch standard, Canadian guidelines and Australian guidelines with the exception of Pb and Cd. Potential ecological risk (PER) of soils from all sampling sites showed very high risk. Add up to Total Target Hazard Quotients (TTHQ) for every single concentrated metal in all-out testing sites were <1 and cancer risk values were under 10-6 demonstrating low noncancer- causing and cancer risk in grown-up for a few exposure pathways. For Fish Heavy metals are a global concern, due to their potential toxic effect and ability to bioaccumulate in aquatic ecosystems, which might have a negative impact on human health through consumption of fish. The health risks due to metal exposure from consuming various fish species were assessed for the island of Bhola .We assessed heavy metal levels and health risk of Pb, Cd, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Zn, As, Hg, Cu and Co in ten pond fish samples were collected during rainy season in 2017 from Bhola district to measure the heavy metal concentrations in edible part (flesh) of the fishes by using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) method. Accumulation of heavy metals was observed in the order of fish Fe>Co>Zn>Cu>Mn>Ni>Pb>Hg.The As and Cr levels in all samples were found to be varied between N.D (not detectable) and lower than the limit of detection limit.The health risk assessment was evaluated for estimated daily intake (EDI), average body weight (70 kg), target hazard quotient (THQ), and hazard index (HI) using the FAO/WHO and USEPA recommendations.Based on our results, the EDI and THQ values for most of elements in fish samples were higher than 1, which indicates adverse effects may occur on health. The HI values for all of fish samples were lower than 1. This result indicates that there is some possibility that non-cancer effects may occur through consumption in the future.