http://reposit.library.du.ac.bd:8080/xmlui/xmlui/handle/123456789/170 2026-08-03T16:02:41Z http://reposit.library.du.ac.bd:8080/xmlui/xmlui/handle/123456789/4846 Conformity of Accounting Practices with International Standards in the Local Government of Bangladesh Saha, Shuvabrata Purpose: The shift from cash to accrual accounting and the establishment of globally recognized International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) represent a significant development in public sector accounting (PSA) practices. These reforms are largely inspired by the New Public Management (NPM) paradigm, which demands enhanced efficiency, transparency, and accountability in public financial management, similar to the private sector. However, the uniqueness and complexity of the public sector have made the reform process challenging. In this context, the present study focuses on the local governments (LGs) of Bangladesh, one of the most significant entities in the public sector with distinctive features. The study primarily aimed to explore and examine the current accounting practices of LG in relation to international standards. Furthermore, the research also intended to explore the factors influencing the IPSAS-based accrual reform and evaluate the perceived benefits associated with these reforms in the LG of Bangladesh. DiMaggio and Powell’s (1983) Neo-institutional Sociology (NIS), as well as an integrated theoretical framework of contingency theory by Lueder (1992) and its further development in Lueder’s FMR model (2002), along with NPM philosophies, were deployed as the theoretical underpinning of the study. Methodology and Data: The study collected data from various complementary sources to yield robust and comprehensive findings, following an explanatory sequential mixed-method research design. This study has assembled secondary data from the documentary evidence of the respective LG offices, relevant acts, and other organizations associated with the LGs. Additionally, the study has reviewed relevant literature. In the quantitative phase, cross-sectional data were collected from 153 accounting personnel of local governments using a five-point Likert scale questionnaire, employing a multi-stage random sampling technique. In addition, to explain the quantitative outcomes, 31 semi-structured interviews and 10 Key Informants interviews have been conducted. The questionnaire data were analyzed by applying SEM via SmartPLS software, and interviews were analyzed employing thematic narrative analysis. Findings: The study reveals that the existing manual cash basis accounting practices of LGs deviate from international norms and fail to provide detailed and timely information to the users. The study revealed that both institutional and contextual aspects significantly influence local government accrual transformation. This study suggested that ensuring | viii sufficient ICT infrastructure, updated legal frameworks, improved training facilities, appointment of skilled accounting personnel, engaging professionals and their strong support, and a sincere leadership commitment to reform are the significant factors for the successful implementation of accrual reform in the LGs. Therefore, the study concluded that without creating a favorable implementation environment, sheer pressure from resource providers or imitative tendency would not yield the intended reform in the LG. Research Implications: The study outcomes will benefit the researchers, policymakers, relevant authorities, and other stakeholders in advancing local government accounting reform. Moreover, the research outcomes may significantly contribute to the implementation of the accounting reform initiatives of the Financial Reporting Council (FRC), Bangladesh. Finally, the study has a great potential to contribute to the PSA literature and the ongoing arguments on accrual reform in the public sector. Originality: In the global context, there is limited research that explores the factors influencing accrual reform in local government, employing an explanatory sequential mixed-method research design together with structural equation model techniques. The study is the first of its Kind in Bangladesh. This thesis is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. 2026-08-03T00:00:00Z http://reposit.library.du.ac.bd:8080/xmlui/xmlui/handle/123456789/4845 Green Financing by Banks in Bangladesh Bahadur, Subrota Kumar Environmental pollution is a severe challenge to human existence and comfortable living now a-days. It is a great concern globally from the last few decades. The western and some other developed countries had adopted green financing and green efforts as remedial measures to environmental degradation from a number of years before. The developing and least developed countries (LDCs) are yet to start the race with full impetus. Bangladesh stepped into the race by adopting green financing in the year 2011. The government of Bangladesh provided patronage to the initiative by reducing the interest rate of bank loan in a package titled ‘Green Financing’. The campaign has passed more than a decade from 2011 to till now. As implementation agent, the commercial banks of the country expanded loan facilities for green projects under the supervision of the central bank of the country. Bangladesh Bank has adopted initiatives to impose the Green Banking for saving the people of the country. The Bangladesh Bank (BB), central bank of Bangladesh, has taken special programs to promote “green banking”, and issued policy guidelines and formulated 5-year strategic plan for 2010-2014 period to launch green banking in the country. Green Banking is an active agenda under this plan. Bangladesh Bank (BB) has emphasized that all commercial banks (Public and Private) should finance in the environmental projects and all should be disclosed in their annual reports. Green Banking has changed the way banks were rendering their services. Commercial banks of the country have been successful in financing a number of green projects from effluent treatment plant (ETP) to green industry. The performance of the green financing efforts is appreciable, but not satisfactory. As the mission in green financing is environmental protection and long-term human welfare, it is ~ ~ ix against banks’ higher profitability and against borrowers’ urgent necessity. So, the real picture of green finance taking and project implementations is below expectation. The effect of green financing on some variables had been tried to find out. A correlation between green finance and net profit after tax was found out. There is low positive correlation (r = + 0.146) between green finance and net profit after tax. There exists low positive correlation between green finance and log of deposits (r = + 0.211). Multiple regression model shows there is significant impact of independent variables (green finance) on the dependent variables (RoA, Lod, CL, etc.). The Durbin-Watson statistic is 2.14 which show that there is positive autocorrelation between the variables. Green Finance is contributing positive impacts on economic and environmental aspects, ecosystems, social dimensions of Bangladesh. Under Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), United Nations is emphasizing Environmental, Social and Governance Reporting (ESG Reporting). By the end of 2030, Bangladesh would achieve sustainable performance in the field of economic, social and environmental areas by green financing. The study also focusses on the sustainable financial system. For ensuring sustainable financial system, we should focus on policy based financial institutions, fully digital banks, other digital financial institutions, green credit, green insurance, green bonds, green venture capital and green investments. Findings based on opinion survey, focus group discussion (FGD) and key informant interview (KII) were also attempted. Through factor analysis, the researcher has found that there are eight factors that are influencing green finance significantly. Those factors are environmental, social, governance; Green bonds, Green Credits and other sustainable financial products, mismatch of time horizon and its impact on long-term decision-making; Governance of sustainable investment and green financing; Green products and its impacts on ~ ~ x Environment; Credit ratings’ impact on Green Finance, Insurance companies’ roles in green finance; and Insurance companies’ role in enhancing green finance. There are other six factors which the researcher has studied, but factor analysis showed that these are less significant for enhancing green finance in Bangladesh. Those are – mobilizing the private financing in green projects; Bangladesh Bank motivations and incentives for green financial projects; green finance’s effect on the climate change and impacts, carbon emission, etc. Bangladesh Bank’s regulatory framework has been proved to be very effective. Green Finance is contributing a lot for achieving SDGs in Bangladesh. Lastly, the selected 10 Banks are enhancing their earnings and corporate image by extending green credits for green products. The incentives given by the government in green financing are reduction of interest rate and noble encouragement, which are not adequate to offset the loss or additional cost incurred by the banks or the borrowers. As a result, in spite of high optimism of environmental up-gradation by green financing, it is yet to achieve certain level even after a decade of launching green initiative. To achieve the target of green environment with possible up–gradation, government should provide more incentives, such as, interest free green financing, tax incentives, cash incentives, etc. for the banks and also cash or profit incentives for the borrowers for taking green projects, like, effluent treatment plant, solar panel for solar or renewable energy and other measures. Above all, the present trend of green financing should be continued for sustainable and environment-friendly development. This thesis is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2026-08-03T00:00:00Z http://reposit.library.du.ac.bd:8080/xmlui/xmlui/handle/123456789/4074 Budgetary Process and Control in Bangladesh Police Aziz, Mohammad Abdul This thesis is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. 2025-04-10T00:00:00Z http://reposit.library.du.ac.bd:8080/xmlui/xmlui/handle/123456789/3581 Budgetary Practices in Selected Public Enterprises of Bangladesh: An Evaluation of their Effectiveness Uddin Sikder, Mohammad Zamir Public Enterprises are dominant agents in the production sector of Bangladesh. After independence, from 1972 these enterprises or corporations were sole manufacturing firms in the leading Public Sector of the country. From the beginning of 1980s, Public Enterprises were also important in the competitive scenario of Public and Private sectors of the country. Public Enterprises were the members of total economy of the pre-impendence period and were sole agents in the post-independence period. Till now these holds dominant share of the industrial and financial sectors of the economy. The financial performances of the Public Enterprises were not satisfactory from the very beginning. In most of the cases, they are continuously subsidized from the national exchequer to meet their losses. For social and political reasons, disinvestment and denationalization of those enterprises failed in the 1980s and in the 1990s. To streamline national economy, the financial performances of the Public Enterprises need to be addressed to improve with adequate research. The major determinants of the financial performances of the Public Enterprises are budgeting and budgetary control. This study was launched to explore the current budgetary practices and analysis of its effectiveness of the public enterprises in Bangladesh. This study was completed by reference to expectancy theory and institutional theory, using qualitative and quantitative methods to investigate, and collecting both primary and secondary data to reach to objectives. The main purposes of this study were set to see the regulatory framework and other guidelines for preparing the budget, its implementation by the selected public enterprises of Bangladesh, efficiency of the budgeting system followed, bottlenecks in the current budgetary practices, ways and means of removing those bottlenecks, analyse the internal and external sources of ix funds, and application process in the public enterprises of Bangladesh, budget variances and deficits of public enterprises and ways of overcoming those. This study reveals that all the selected public firms have regulatory framework and guidelines framed by the relevant authorities, both efficient and inefficient budgeting practices in public firms, managing ways of bottlenecks, uses of both internal and external sources of funds efficiently, and all the firms efficiently manages the budget variances and deficits. This study also confirms that all findings support at least one theory either institutional theory or expectancy theory. This study will help the practitioners and academicians to understand the current budgeting practices of public enterprises in Bangladesh and their effectiveness. In this study I have formulated eight (8) null hypotheses and corresponding alternative hypotheses. On the basis of questionnaire survey, focus group discussion and opinion survey all null hypotheses were not true but all alternative hypotheses were proven true. Bangladesh is an emerging Asian economy which grew at an accelerated rate of 8% in recent years. Per capita income in nominal US $ (dollars) increased from $ 576 in 2009 to $ 2,765 in 2024. Bangladesh is out performing India in health and human capital development. She achieved record in reducing economic vulnerability in the last decade. Public enterprises are playing very important role in the sustainable development process of Bangladesh. There are 46 government-owned enterprises operating successfully in Bangladesh. In my study I have selected 7 public enterprises and 3 private organizations to study the effectiveness of their budgetary practices. Both primary and secondary data sources have been used. I have conducted semi-structured interview with the CFO and other two officers at each public enterprise selected for the study. This data has been summarized and analyzed through content analysis. For studying the budgetary practice effectiveness, I have conducted opinion x survey with 30 officers, and senior officers of selected public enterprises and 3 private organizations. I have got 100% response from the respondents. The answer of these respondents was analyzed by using descriptive statistics, such as frequencies, average value, maximum and minimum value of their responses. Their feedback or opinion has been evaluated or assessed by using 5-point Likert Scale. There are twenty statements which have been presented before them (30 respondents), who then have expressed their opinions on these 20 statements. Then I have analyzed these by using SPSS. I have also collected the budget data and actual figures and calculated the variance of the selected 7 public enterprises and 3 private organizations in Bangladesh. The findings of the study of all 7 public enterprises have effective and efficient budgetary practices. Three (3), private organizations also have effective budgetary practices. But for private organizations these is no legal framework for monitoring the effectiveness of budgetary practices. They have budget calendar, budget committee, due approval process in all 7 selected public enterprises in Bangladesh. Since the development process is accelerated through the activities of 46 public enterprises in Bangladesh, their budgetary practices are quite effective. All organizations are playing an important role in the developing process. Budget is a quantitative expression of plan. It is a tool for future planning. Budgeting is the tool of management for performance measurement and standard for control. Modern budgetary practices also recognize the human behavior aspects of budget through participatory approach model of budgeting. This study explores the current budgetary practice of seven (7) public enterprises and Three (3) private enterprises in Bangladesh based on expectancy theory and institutional theory. xi The study used both quantitative data and qualitative data from both primary source and secondary sources. They use both internal and external sources of funds for financing budget deficit. The study also confirms that all findings support at least one theory. The budget variance analysis reveals the favorable and unfavorable variance of the selected 7 enterprises. The study would help the practitioners and academicians to understand the current budgeting practices of public as well as private enterprises in Bangladesh. After analyzing the quantitative and qualitative data I have found that the budgetary practices are quite effective for both public and private enterprises in Bangladesh but it is more effective for private enterprises. A Dissertation submitted to the Department of Accounting & Information Systems, Faculty of Business Studies, University of Dhaka, in the fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. 2025-02-09T00:00:00Z