MPhil Thesis

SMOKING OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY

2023-12-28T12:33:03Z

SMOKING OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY Baniya, Ambika Background Smoking is currently the single most important public health problem worldwide, being a modifiable risk factor for the development of numerous morbidities, including cardiovascular disease. However, the association between smoking and obesity is complex. On one hand, smokers have a lower body weight and body-mass index (BMI) than non-smokers. On the other hand, current smokers tend to have a larger waist circumference (WC) and a higher waist-to-hip ratio than non-smokers, suggesting that smoking may favor the accumulation of abdominal fat. However, obesity is also an epidemic disease worldwide as well as Nepal. Objective: The objectives of the current study was to determine the association between the pattern of smoking and obesity among the type 2 diabetic patients in Nepal Study design and setting: A cross-sectional study design was followed for this study. Systematic sampling method was used for data collection from 350 type 2 diabetic patients attending two Medical colleges , diabetes clinics outpatient department (OPD) of Chitwan Medical College Teaching Hospital and College of Medical Sciences Teaching Dhaka University Institutional Repository Hospital, Chitwan District of Nepal Data were analyzed using statistical technique, Basic statistic was used for r frequency and percentage, chi –square test was used to determine the association in between dependent variable and associated factors. Result: In the present study demonstrated that more than fifty percent (50.9%) used to smoke cigarettes, Bidi, Cigars etc. and 34.3% were smokeless tobacco users and only few (14.8%) were both smoke and smokeless tobacco users. Among the smokers 58% were overweight, 37% were normal weight and 6% were under weight. Out of 350 subjects, fifty percent had high physical activity level thirty percent subjects had medium physical activity level and twenty percent subjects had low physical activity level. . Among the overweight 18 (35%) smoker, 29(56%) were smokeless tobacco user and. (5)9.6% both smoke and smokeless user here (χ2/p=0.43/0.93). Among over weight (center obesity) 20 (33.3%) smoker, 36(60%) smokeless tobacco use and 4(6.7%) both smoke and smokeless tobacco use, of tobacco user were using both smoking and smokeless tobacco, however (χ2 /p=4.47/0.38). Conclusion: Pattern of smoking and abdominal obesity did not establish any association. Regarding pattern of smoking, three types of smoking were considered (smoke, smokeless tobacco user and both user) to establish the association with obesity. However, no association was seen with abdominal obesity (χ2/p=0.43/0.93). This thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Philosophy.

Diet and nutritional status of the adult with the symptoms of spinal pain attending in selected hospital

2019-10-24T06:27:24Z

Diet and nutritional status of the adult with the symptoms of spinal pain attending in selected hospital Belal, S. M Background: Spinal pain is an important health issue for adult resulting in functional limitations for many and increasing the risk of spinal pain in adulthood and aging. Whilst human studies suggest nutrition could influence spinal pain, this has not been investigated in adult. The objective of this exploratory cross sectional study was to evaluate associations between diet and adult spinal pain. Methods: Cross- sectional study was conducted among Adults having spinal pain subjects from a Attending in Selected Hospital. This study surveyed the spinal pain (neck and back) and nutrition (specific nutrients, broad food groups, diet quality and dietary pattern) of 384 male and female adult at aged of (M±SD) 36.56±13.18 were studied. Face to face interview was done. 24 hour recall method and food frequency questionnaire was used for dietary assessment. Data were expressed as mean ± SD (standard deviation), median (range) and/or percentage (%) as appropriate. Chi square was performed as p< 0.05 level of significance SPSS software (version #18) was used for statistical analysis. Results: Most of the respondents came from upper middle income families. The majority of the study subjects were bear normal nutritional status. More than half of the adults were live with moderate pain. Most of the respondents fulfill their daily energy requirement. A large number of the respondents were unsuccessful to meet Protein according to RDA. Calcium intake was satisfactory. All respondent trends to avoid of took Riboflavin and vitamin B12 rich foods for their daily need. Vitamin B6 and foliate intake was adequate level. This study shows that less intake of calcium and Vitamin B12 groups are more suffering from spinal pain and significant association was found between spinal pain and dietary calcium and Vitamin B12 intake (p=<0.0001). No association was found between spinal pain and Vitamin D intake. Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest that certain aspects of diet may have an association with spinal pain in adult. This thesis submitted as a partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Philosophy (MPhil) in Community Nutrition.

Nutritional status of pre-school children among different socio-economic status in urban area of Dhaka city

2019-10-24T06:24:31Z

Nutritional status of pre-school children among different socio-economic status in urban area of Dhaka city Sharmin, Rumana Background: Nutritional status is the result of complex interactions between food consumption, overall health status and care practices. At the individual level inadequate or inappropriate feeding patterns lead to malnutrition. The objective of the study is to assess the Nutritional status of pre-school children among different socio-economic status in urban area of Dhaka city. Methodology The study was a comparative cross sectional study. Pre-school children aged 3-5 years were selected by their socio economic status in different household and slum of Dhaka City by stratified cluster sampling. The anthropometric data (height, weight and MUAC) of pre-school child was taken individually. Data on food intake was collected; edited, entered and cleaned by using suitable data entry software (SPSS, version 17). Data on height, weight, dietary intake, personal hygiene were compared among four socio-economic groups. Continuous variables were assessed for normal distribution. Chi-squared test was performed for categorical variables. One way ANOVA was done to compare means. Result: In present study, among different socio-economic status in urban area of Dhaka city the average expenditure of upper SES, upper middle SES, lower middle SES and lower SES were BDT 64077±9354, BDT 31475±6298, BDT 4737±496 and BDT 13147±13673 respectively. About 5% of children from upper SES and 1% of children from upper middle SES were overweight. In upper SES 93% and 89% of children from upper middle SES were normal in weight whereas only 46% and 49% of children were mild underweight in lower middle and lower SES respectively. About 84%, 75%, 70% of children from upper SES, upper middle SES and lower middle SES respectively were normal in height. Significant association has been found in relation of mother’s working status and children nutritional status. Moderate to severe underweight, stunting, wasting and thinness were 50%, 67%, 64% and 50% respectively among no working mother which was higher than working mother. According to multiple regression analysis, it was found that age, family income and housing status of the family were significantly associated with WAZ of study subjects (P=<0.001, P=<0.001, P=<0.001). Total energy (Kcal/day) among upper SES and upper middle SES were 800±215 and 770±184 respectively. Moreover, intake of total Protein (g/day) among lower middle SES and lower SES were 22±6.41 and 16±6.10 respectively. Conclusion: The study gives us the picture of the severity of malnutrition among the children of Dhaka city in different socio-economic group. Because of lack of awareness and inadequate food consumption their nutritional status was very poor and their average nutrient intake was also lower than reference value. This thesis submitted for partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Philosophy (MPhil) in Community Nutrition.

Assessing Knowledge and Health Belief about Hypertension among Selected University Students in Dhaka City: Bangladesh

2019-10-24T06:23:17Z

Assessing Knowledge and Health Belief about Hypertension among Selected University Students in Dhaka City: Bangladesh Bhuiyan, Md. Rijwan Hypertension is becoming one of the major public health issues both in developed and developing countries. Prevention strategies for hypertension mainly based on modification of behavioral risk factors, which actually developed in young age and become established behavior in adult stage of life. Knowledge and belief can play in important role in determining and modifying the health related behavior. The objective of this study was to assess the knowledge and health belief about hypertension among selected university students in Dhaka city, Bangladesh. Descriptive type of cross-sectional study was conducted among undergraduate university students (17 to 25 years). A total 816 samples were selected through systematic random sampling technique. Data were collected through face-to-face interview by using pre-tested semi structured questionnaire. Ten knowledge questions (each contain 1 mark) and 20 health belief questions based on Health Belief Model (HBM) (assessed by five point likert scale) were used to assess the knowledge and health belief of the respondents. Study found, among 816 respondents, about 45.5% were female. The mean (± SD) age was 21.42 (± 1.85) years. About 56% respondents know the normal blood pressure level but only 18% know the high blood pressure level of the body. About 60%, 58% and 30% reported that Stress, Unhealthy diet and Overweight were the risk factors of hypertension respectively. However, about 93% respondents don’t know that hypertension is asymptomat ic and about 49% don’t know that it is a lifelong diseases and have to take drugs for lifelong. About 68% and 58% said that Stroke and Heart attack are the complications of hypertension. About 65%, 58% and 54% reported that avoid unhealthy diet, reduce stress and regular physical activity can prevent hypertension. In case of health belief the mean (± SD) belief on Perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits and barriers about hypertension was 3.51 (± 0.54), 3.48 (± 0.51), 3.89 (± 0.46) and 3.40 (± 0.58) respectively. Study found very week positive significant correlation (r = 0.0256; p = 0.000) between total knowledge and health belief about hypertension. In conclusion, study revealed the insufficient knowledge about hypertension and has very weak positive significant correlation among knowledge and health belief of the university students. Therefore, knowledge should be improved about hypertension among young people and further investigate the relationship between knowledge and health belief about hypertension in large scale. This dissertation submitted to the University of Dhaka for the degree of Master of Philosophy.